Saturday, August 20, 2011

Default What Is the Medical Device Industry?






The medical device industry supplies equipment and machines to the health care and medical industries. Some purposes for the machines and equipment include patient care, surgery, diagnosis and therapy. The medical device industry manufactures and distributes supplies that range from tongue depressors to X-ray machines. Generally, there are four primary players in the medical device industry: manufacturers, distributors, users and consumers.

The manufacturers are the companies that actually create and build the medical devices. Generally, a medical device company specializes in one type of machine. This is especially true for the more expensive units. Other medical device manufacturers specialize in categories, so they may manufacturer all heart-related medical devices. For smaller medical items, such as cotton swabs and tongue depressors, one manufacturer may supply a variety of items.

The manufacturers in the medical device industry build the machines, but tend to depend on distributors or sales people to sell the devices to the users. Some distributors may be medical device stores or pharmacies, where the retail store buys directly from the manufacturer. This tends to be for walking canes, walkers, hospital beds and other items that a consumer may buy directly from a store or pharmacy.

X-ray machines and high-end equipment that hospitals and doctors use are typically sold through a sales representative or distributor. These professionals have accounts that they visit on a regular basis to present the equipment or medical device that they are selling. The representative demonstrates the use of the equipment and tries to sell it to the hospital or doctor’s office.

After the hospital or doctor’s office purchases the equipment, the representative may even train the staff on how to use it. The users in the medical device industry tend to be medical and health care professionals. These are the customers in the industry that have their hands on the machine and are using the machines and equipment to perform their job duties, typically on a daily basis.

The final category in the medical device industry is the consumer. In the healthcare industry, these are the patients that need the machines for diagnosis, surgery, therapy or some other form of patient care. The users of the medical devices must have patients in order to put the equipment and machinery to good use.

Some experts even divide the medical device industry into two regions: European and United States. This is because there are some medical devices that become available in one region, but are not yet available in another. Primarily, this is due to the standards and guidelines that are set by the bodies in each region that govern the manufacturing and distribution of medical devices and equipment

Symptoms of Mesothelioma

Symptoms of Mesothelioma

Symptoms MesotheliomaAbout 15% of
Mesothelioma cases are found in the early stages, before the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or elsewhere. The 5 year survival rate for people with mesothelioma is 50% if there is no evidence of cancer in lymph nodes at the time of surgery. Unfortunately, in most cases, the spread of cancer has already occurred even if not detected by current medical tests. When all mesothelioma stages are considered together, the 5 year survival rate is only about 14%. Many early mesothelioma are diagnosed incidentally - they are found as a result of tests that are done for an unrelated medical condition. Although mesothelioma does not cause any symptoms until it has spread too far to be cured, symptoms do occur in some patients with early mesothelioma . Prompt attention to symptoms, leading to early diagnosis and treatment can result in a cure for some patients. For others, prompt attention to symptoms can improve the likelihood that treatment can extend their life and relieve many of their symptoms.
Common signs and symptoms of mesothelioma include:
A. Pleural mesothelioma Symptoms
Some of the symptoms of pleural mesothelioma (mesothelioma cancer of the lung lining) include:

Symptoms Mesothelioma
pain in the lower back or the side of the chestSymptoms Mesotheliomashortness of breathSymptoms Mesotheliomaa persistent coughSymptoms Mesotheliomadifficulty swallowing foodSymptoms Mesotheliomafever and sweatingSymptoms MesotheliomafatigueSymptoms Mesotheliomaweight loss.
These symptoms are also common to many minor ailments and, therefore, may not cause a doctor to suspect mesothelioma.

Pleural Effusion-fluid in the Lungs
One of the most common and specific symptoms of pleural mesothelioma is the accumulation of fluid between the lungs and chest cavity. This generally causes shortness of breath, and requires a doctor to drain the fluid, called fine-needle aspiration, to make breathing easier and relieve chest pain. This symptom is more unique to mesothelioma, making it more likely that you may have the disease.

B. Peritoneal mesothelioma Symptoms
Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma (abdominal mesothelioma - mesothelioma of the lining of the stomach) include:

Symptoms Mesothelioma
stomach pain nausea and vomiting weight loss.Like pleural mesothelioma, these symptoms are also common to many minor ailments and, therefore, may not cause a doctor to suspect mesothelioma

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome



Overview, Causes, & Risk Factors

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition in which the median nerve in the wrist is compressed. This causes numbness and pain in the fingers and hand.
What is going on in the body?

A ligament and the bones at the base of the palm of the hand, just beyond the wrist, form the carpal tunnel. Through this tunnel passes the median nerve and tendons going to the fingers and thumb. The median nerve conducts sensation from the palm side of the thumb and fingers, except for the little finger. It also carries impulses to small muscles in the hand, particularly at the palm side of the base of the thumb. If the pressure in the carpal tunnel increases enough, the median nerve is compressed.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?

CTS can be caused by anything that increases pressure on the nerve in the carpal tunnel. CTS has been associated with repetitive stress injury. This type of injury occurs when a part of the body is used repeatedly or overused. People who use computers or vibrating tools are at particular risk. Factory workers on assembly lines, or those who do repeated actions involving the wrist, may develop CTS.

Other factors can also increase a person's risk for carpal tunnel syndrome. Examples include the following: chronic renal failure, a form of kidney failure
a cyst on the tendon
diabetes
gout, a form of arthritis
hemodialysis, a procedure for filtering blood of people with kidney failure
hypothyroidism, or low levels of thyroid hormone
obesity
oral contraceptives
pregnancy
rheumatoid arthritis
trauma, or injury, to the wrist
tuberculosis
Carpal tunnel syndrome is more common in women than in men. It is most common in middle-aged individuals.

Symptoms & Signs

What are the signs and symptoms of the condition?

CTS usually starts gradually, with a vague aching in the wrist, extending into the hand or forearm. Acute onset occurs when the compression of the nerve happens suddenly. This sudden onset is more likely to cause pain. The numbness and tingling is felt in the thumb, index finger, long finger, and half of the ring finger on the palm side. Sharp pains may radiate up through the arm or shoulder.
Often a person will wake up at night with pain or numbness. The individual may shake or massage the wrist in order to "improve the circulation." Similar symptoms can occur during the day, particularly when performing repetitive activities with the wrist bent. Eventually the nerve trouble can result in weakness of the thumb muscles and a tendency to drop things.

Diagnosis & Tests

How is the condition diagnosed?


The diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome begins with a medical history and physical exam. The healthcare provider may order additional tests, including: an electromyogram, or EMG, which tests the electrical activity of the muscle
an MRI of the wrist, which may show the compressed nerve
a nerve conduction velocity test, which measures electrical conduction along the median nerve

Prevention & Expectations

What can be done to prevent the condition?

Any underlying cause of CTS should be diagnosed and corrected. For example, medicine can be used to correct hypothyroidism.
Overuse of the wrist and fingers should be avoided. A small recovery time is needed to rest and lubricate the flexor tendons. Variety is the key. Workers whose motions are repetitious and prolonged are at risk. A mixture of activities, such as typing interspersed with filing, may help to rest the affected areas. Finding a new way to use the hand, by using a different tool, may help some individuals. Using the nondominant hand more often might help to relieve stress on the dominant extremity.
Computer workstations should be designed so that the wrists are well supported in a neutral position. Care should be taken to avoid striking the palm side of the wrist on hard surfaces. Special on-the-job equipment and training may be available.
Early identification of symptoms is important. Early symptoms, such as tingling in the fingers, may occur several hours after the aggravating activity has stopped. Making the connection between activities and symptoms is important. This gives the person a chance to correct working conditions. This may help to prevent further or worsening symptoms.
What are the long-term effects of the condition?

If carpal tunnel syndrome isn't treated, the hand may become weaker and number. Permanent numbness and weakness can result.
What are the risks to others?

Carpal tunnel syndrome is not contagious and poses no risk to others.

Treatment & Monitoring

What are the treatments for the condition?

Underlying diseases, such as diabetes, underactive thyroid, and rheumatoid arthritis should be treated. Weight loss or reduced salt intake may be helpful.
Repetitive use of the hand with the wrist bent must be avoided. Frequent changes of activity, with breaks for 5 minutes every hour, can help prevent overuse. Certain exercises can be done to increase flexibility in the wrist and fingers. People with CTS should not sleep on their hands or with wrists bent down. It is very important to sit properly at the computer, with good support for the wrists. Yoga-based exercises may be effective.
For mild cases, the first treatment is to splint the wrist at night and during the day if possible. A splint keeps the wrist from moving but allows for mostly normal hand activity. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can be used for a short time. If these do not help, a corticosteroid can be injected into the carpal tunnel. This may help permanently or only temporarily.
Surgery, called carpal tunnel repair, is reserved for people with muscle wasting and decreased sensation. This surgery is considered only when the symptoms are no better after several months of treatment.
What are the side effects of the treatments?

NSAIDs can cause stomach upset or allergic reactions. Injecting corticosteroids rarely can accidentally injure the nerve. Surgery can cause bleeding, infection, nerve damage, or allergic reaction to anesthesia.
What happens after treatment for the condition?

After the surgery, the wrist is immobilized for a short time. Exercises help to regain mobility of the wrist and fingers. It is important to practice proper use of the wrist.
How is the condition monitored?

Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare provider.

Attribution

Author:John A.K. Davies, MD
Date Written:
Editor:Crist, Gayle P., MS, BA
Edit Date:04/30/01
Reviewer:Barbara Mallari, RN, BSN, PHN
Date Reviewed:09/04/01
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